Week 3 Post 1

 Week 3 Notes- Racial Zoning

  • Rutherford b hayes becoming president in 1877 caused troops protecting aas in the south to be removed, starting Jim Crow 
  • Slavery—> “share cropping”
  • The red shirts were a group of white supremecists in South Carolina who went on killing sprees of aas in small towns, and rigged elections to create a government that would favor them 
  • Clemson only dissociated themselves with Tillman in 2015, and his name is still on the building because their state legislator has not authorized taking it down
  • Helena, capital of Montana had a flourishing black community at the turn of the century, but then in 1906 decided it was time for white people to reclaim their space. Interracial marriage was outlined in 1909.
  • Sundown towns- “the sun is never allowed to set on any n**** in Glendive”
  • Wilson’s presidency enforced much more White House segregation, much like he did at Princeton 
  • Baltimore was the first major city to establish racial zoning in 1910, prohibiting blacks from buying houses on majority white streets and vise versa.
  • This ordinance proved difficult to implement, so it was revised so it only applied to completely white or black blocks 
  • Fourteenth amendement freedom of contract interpretation 
  • In 1915 the new republic wrote that residential segregation was necessary until aas stopped trying to amalgamate with whites 
  • Robert Whitten wrote that segregation was necessary to prevent racial conflict, and to protect the peace of white neighborhoods 
  • Richmond tried to pass a law saying you couldn’t live on a street where you couldn’t marry the majority of race living there, since interracial marriage was illegal. Rejected by Supreme Court in 1930
  • Orlando suburb Apopka banned blacks from living on the north side of train tracks and white from the south until 1968
  • Class- based segregation came from single family zoning codes started in the 1910s
  • Harland Bartholemew, as the lead planning engineer in StL in 1911, was instructed to keep multi family residential, commercial, and industrial separate from single family homes to preserve their all white character 
  • The 1919 plan designated areas for industrial developemenr if they were in or adjacent to black neighborhoods
  • Not only we’re black neighbornoods next to factories, liquor stores, clubs, and brothels were permitted to operate in these areas while they weren’t in single family zoning
  • Olmsted Jr said that we could not force mingle on those who could not or did not want to mingle 
  • The National association of real estate boards agreed with the HOOVer administrations segregationist views
  • Freund said that zoning masquerading as an economic measure was the most reasonable means to get the same thing
  • In 1926 Cleveland suburbs won a Supreme Court decision to allow them to exclude apartment buildings from being built in single families zones, where they describe aparartments as “practically a nuisance”
  • A 1983 GAO study found waste plants were more likely to be in aa neighorhoods than white neighborhoods
  • Percentage of minorities living near incinerators was 89 percent above the median
  • Zoning boards did not want to cause “deterioration of white neighborhoods”
  • A power plant explosion in a ghetto in LA destroyed over 100 African American homes. That same area had church space rezoned as commercial a couple decades later
  • Clinton issued an executive order to avoid placing toxic waste centers like landfills in desperate conditions in the future, however this did not impact the existing toxic sites




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