Week 8 Post 1

 Week 8 Post 1- Notes

Chapter title- Local Tactics

  • San Lorenzo was the largest wartime- specific government insured housing. It was whites only and in California.
    • San Lorenzo was sold as a “safe investment”, and assured buyers that it had protective restrictions 
    • The AFSC (quacker) tried to petition the ford plant to create an interracial community, since there was nowhere for black people to live in Milpitas 
    • Milpitas became slightly overbuilt because of rapid population growth and then had several empty units in some subdivisions, but none of the developers would sell them to AAs
    • The AFSC, after finding a developer to build their integrated subdivision, had to go to NYC to get a quacker loan since they could find no bank in the SF area that would fund it
    • When the Santa Clara board found out they wanted to make an integrated community they rezoned the area for industrial 
    • After four tries being interfered with, the builder gave up on the integrated suburb 
    • A new builder proposed to gross two projects- one white and one integrated, with the goal appearing to be that the “integrated” would really be black only
    • Another project was proposed to be adjacent to an all white one, but when people found out it was integrated, no banks would give them a loan for months 
    • The ford workers decided they would only support developers who committed to integration 
    • A San Jose businessman tried to start an all-black project adjoining an existing white one, but was refused loans by every bank and thrift unless he made interest considerably higher 
    • The Milpitas city council decided to rent agua caliente access to sewer lines since they didn’t want an integrated project 
    • Agua caliente was told it would be 100 dollars per three acres for a sewer system. The sanitary district decided to make the price more than ten times that in an attempt to stop the neighborhoods creation 
    • The builder appealed to a city board, but the mayor of Milpitas denied that the motion was racist and said that the suburb would only depress the area because of the nature of the Ford employees
    • Problems kept coming, with the Bohannon group denying use of their sewer track for the devlopement
    • The UAW started a campaign against Sunnyhills in retaliation, showing up to house showings for white only buyers
    • The FHA agreed to help the developement, now called Sunnyhills, only if it was owned as a cooperative not as individual housing. The UAW agreed only if the first 20 of 500 units were sold to african americans
    • The area became so expensive because of all the problems that it was only possible for the highest paid Ford workers to live there, and no African americans. The builders tried to get the county to allow renting, but they declined.
    • African Americans stayed confined to Sunnyhills, Ford facotory closed in 1984, today only 2 percent of Milpitas is black
    • A factory moved down to the Milpitas area and hired almost only whites, claiming that African americans needing to commute increased their risk of car accidents, the company went down ten percent in African American workers
    • A professor from UPenn tried to buy 28 property lots to create an integrated community to prove people can live in harmony. The Swarthmore Property Owner's Association petitioned against it and the town council said they would only allow it with an engineers drawing
    • The council had lots of petty problems with the drawing, and even after things were changed people still protested, so the project was abandoned
    • In Deerfield, Chicago, a developer tried to buy a plot of land for an integrated neighborhood. When his plans for integration were discovered, 500 people marched to the city hall meeting in protest and the community stood against integration
    • The judicial system can not question the reason for condemning a property 
    • White families frequently tried to buyout houses when they found out black families wanted to purchas them
    • A methodist church in St.Louis County, which was unicorporated, tried to create an integrated community. The community responded by incorporating and banning over 3 houses on an acre to prevent it
    • A federal appeals court ordered Black Jack to allow it
    • The court stated that race played a significant role in the disputes of this community
    • St. Louis was described as a 'donut of segregation'- black people on the donut hole and whites being the surrounding donut
    • "Justice delayed is Justice denied'
    • the developement never actually got built since in took them 5 years to get the court approval and they didn't have the finances anymore
    • Slum and blight became euphemisms for black neighborhoods that developers had the goal of demolishing
    • Slum clearance was the interstate highway system. Interstate highway routes were designed to destroy urban black communities
    • "Urban renewal means negro removal'
    • Highways began being proposed in 1938, and Henry Wallace said highways could also accomplish 'The elimination of unisghtly and unsanitary districts"
    • The American Concrete Institution said buildings highways would eliminate slums and blighted areas
    • Highway research board said highways were eating out slums
    • Alfred Johnson called the areas being destroyed by highways 'n***town'
    • In 1962 Detroit began to demolish black neighborhoods to create car factories and then to create an express highway to the factory. 4000 people were displaced by this, 87 percent being AA
    • 12 years later federal appeals court found HUD knew what they were doing and were intentionally discriminating
    • The court decided they had to build new homes for all families found who had been displaced, but since litigation had taken so long many had already moved into ghettos
    • A highway put through Miami decreased the population of African americans from 40,000 to 8,000
    • A highway in NJ displaced 3000 low income homes, which someone stated was to displace as many black and puerto ricans as possible to make life easier for white suburbanites
    • The main middle class black neighborhood of Santa Monica was started in 1938 when a black man moved into an area in which he was not wanted. The neighborhood decided kicking him out would violate the fourteenth amendement, and more middle class black families started moving in
    • Sugar Hill, the black neighborhood, was completely destroyed by the freeway
    • The Eisenhower administration made no requirements for cities of states to assist people who were displaced by highways at all
    • Housing for people displaced began being required in '65, but by then the highway was almost complete
    • Another form of segregation came from building black only schools only in black neighborhoods and giving no transportation to black kids who live other places, so families had no choice but to move
    • Austin’s master plan to create one segregation black neighborhood violated the constitution 
    • Austin then decided to move all black only schools to their east side, forcing residents to move 
    • Austin also built a public blacks only project in that neighborhood 
    • Utilities in this area than began to deteriorate, not having bus systems in the summer, not having paved roads
    • Indianapolis constructed a new all black school near factories and city dump so they could send all black kids there 
    • The same thing happened in Raleigh, a school district that now buses kids from different areas to try and diversify their student body 
    • Atlanta did the same thing, giving white people one year to keep their kids in school while they find new housing near the new white schools 
    • Houston did the same, pushing black people to the south and southeast with black only schools and trying to keep whites in the west 
    • Houston spend similar money on black and white school, but did not allocate money for school improvements in the black schools









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